Back when I was a teenager, I would have absolutely gone down a rabbit hole like the author did. From "Upgrading and Repairing PCs" to reading all the technical manuals, usenet, etc. I definitely nerded out over this stuff! Glad to see folks still take an interest.
These days, I've an acquired brain injury. Between that an old age, it was a bit hard to read, but also, just a little bit familiar, so I enjoyed it.
Now I am expecting "256 color VGA programming in C" to resurface at some point! :D
320 x 200 CGA allows you to have only 4 colors at a time. Of course you can change the fixed palette on a certain scanline to have more colors. See for example California Games.
Yes, I did consider writing "4 colors", but thought someone would say "but you could have 16 colors on-screen" citing the early 80s titles which did scanline palette tricks. So, I went with "16 colors" as it was technically the upper-bound of 'official' documented colors (excluding composite artifact, dithering and other cool tricks). I didn't really want to get into explaining more since my goal was just linking the "8088 MPH" demo for the GP and anyone who hadn't seen it. Also, I have no idea if a technically correct, definitive and complete statement about CGA's maximum possible colors in a single English-language sentence is even possible.
But after wasting... oh, nearly ~800ms on this internal debate, I realized I'd already cleverly chosen to not link directly to the 8088 MPH video but instead a site containing both the video and links to explications revealing the myriad brilliant tricks and unnatural acts behind 8088 MPH. And from that rabbit hole, one may learn more than any mortal should know about CGA graphics. Especially apropos since the author of the OP was instrumental in creating 8088 MPH (although the OP's post is about BIOS things).
That was one option I thought of at first (mentioned in the first section), but the info I found indicated that the /370 models used the same firmware as the "plain" 5170s - if there were any BIOS extensions, they were probably somewhere on the add-on cards. The AT/370 also had 512K of on board RAM, while this BIOS seems to indicate 640K.
Oops. Anyway, I remember attending a talk by one of the IBM engineers back when they first released the XT/370. He said that they looked at all possible ways to integrate their production line as a kind of secondary track off of one of the main production lines for the PC/XT, but the most economical option ended up being a separate facility that would receive normal pallets of regularly boxed, end-user XTs from the main factory, unbox them, make the mods, and pack them back into XT/370-labeled boxes for shipping.
Details: The IBM AT/370 used standard bios on the motherboard, and the two 68k custom cards had their own bioses. The 68ks were very heavily modified by one of the motorola engineers.
Its the second version of the AT Bios that was disgusting was verion 2, that ran on 6mhz 286s and prevented you from swapping the crystal for a 16Mhz/8Mhz speed up. The first version had bugs, and the third version was for the 8Mhz machines. ( still a few bugs ).
Back when I was a teenager, I would have absolutely gone down a rabbit hole like the author did. From "Upgrading and Repairing PCs" to reading all the technical manuals, usenet, etc. I definitely nerded out over this stuff! Glad to see folks still take an interest.
These days, I've an acquired brain injury. Between that an old age, it was a bit hard to read, but also, just a little bit familiar, so I enjoyed it.
Now I am expecting "256 color VGA programming in C" to resurface at some point! :D
Old hardware was always so much fun...
256 colors? VGA?
Bah! You kids with your newfangled graphics modes. 320 x 200 CGA and 16 colors is more than enough. See the linked "8088 MPH" video for proof: https://trixter.oldskool.org/2015/04/07/8088-mph-we-break-al...
> 320 x 200 CGA
with the opposite of smooth scrolling - video off during text scrolling. BLINK!
kind of like the crazy blinking ancestor of vsync off
320 x 200 CGA allows you to have only 4 colors at a time. Of course you can change the fixed palette on a certain scanline to have more colors. See for example California Games.
Yes, I did consider writing "4 colors", but thought someone would say "but you could have 16 colors on-screen" citing the early 80s titles which did scanline palette tricks. So, I went with "16 colors" as it was technically the upper-bound of 'official' documented colors (excluding composite artifact, dithering and other cool tricks). I didn't really want to get into explaining more since my goal was just linking the "8088 MPH" demo for the GP and anyone who hadn't seen it. Also, I have no idea if a technically correct, definitive and complete statement about CGA's maximum possible colors in a single English-language sentence is even possible.
But after wasting... oh, nearly ~800ms on this internal debate, I realized I'd already cleverly chosen to not link directly to the 8088 MPH video but instead a site containing both the video and links to explications revealing the myriad brilliant tricks and unnatural acts behind 8088 MPH. And from that rabbit hole, one may learn more than any mortal should know about CGA graphics. Especially apropos since the author of the OP was instrumental in creating 8088 MPH (although the OP's post is about BIOS things).
160x100 CGA low resolution could do 16 color (bit of a hack, but semi-official).
And then there were tricks to get more colors in higher resolutions as well, especially if you used the TV output instead of a CGA monitor.
https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-...
> 160x100 CGA low resolution could do 16 color (bit of a hack, but semi-official).
That's a text mode, but ok, I think some games used it for graphics.
Bah! You kids with your newfangled graphics modes. 320 x 200 CGA and 16 colors is more than enough.
Bah! You kids with your newfangled 320x200x16 CGA cards.
We had 720x384x2 Hercules cards and we liked it!
Any chance it was for the "IBM Personal Computer AT/370" that nobody remembers (perhaps because nobody used)?
That was one option I thought of at first (mentioned in the first section), but the info I found indicated that the /370 models used the same firmware as the "plain" 5170s - if there were any BIOS extensions, they were probably somewhere on the add-on cards. The AT/370 also had 512K of on board RAM, while this BIOS seems to indicate 640K.
Oops. Anyway, I remember attending a talk by one of the IBM engineers back when they first released the XT/370. He said that they looked at all possible ways to integrate their production line as a kind of secondary track off of one of the main production lines for the PC/XT, but the most economical option ended up being a separate facility that would receive normal pallets of regularly boxed, end-user XTs from the main factory, unbox them, make the mods, and pack them back into XT/370-labeled boxes for shipping.
I remember that. I think it ran VM/SP or whatever it must have been called.
I recall the 370 part was on a card.
3 cards. CPU/Memory and communications cards.
Article discusses and dismisses that possibility
Details: The IBM AT/370 used standard bios on the motherboard, and the two 68k custom cards had their own bioses. The 68ks were very heavily modified by one of the motorola engineers.
Its the second version of the AT Bios that was disgusting was verion 2, that ran on 6mhz 286s and prevented you from swapping the crystal for a 16Mhz/8Mhz speed up. The first version had bugs, and the third version was for the 8Mhz machines. ( still a few bugs ).
This is the AT/370:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compati...
https://www.cpushack.com/2013/03/22/cpu-of-the-day-ibm-micro...
https://anycpu.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=350
There was one additional model of the IBM AT: THE IBM XT/286: An AT class mother board in an XT sized case.
https://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/IBM%20PC-XT-286%20(5162)...
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The blog refuses connections from VPNs. https://archive.is/Ef75R
Strange... if it does, that's not my doing - it seems to work fine with the VPN I use, but I'll look into it. Thanks for the heads up.
My OCD tendencies would have made me label the one chip ..ODD.. instead of .ODD... just for a little more symmetry.
I love this sort of digital archeology
Excellent write-up.
Appreciated, thanks!